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Some facts about ADHD
Definition
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning
Types
There are three main presentations as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM 5)
Predominantly Inattentive: Trouble focusing, organising, following instructions, forgetfulness.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: Restlessness, fidgeting, difficulty waiting, impulsive actions.
Combined Presentation: Features of both inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
History
- ADHD is not new, behaviours have been described for centuries. In 1798, physician Alexander Crichton wrote about people with “mental restlessness.”.
- Modern recognition: The medical community began formally describing it in the early 1900s.
Diagnosis
- Clinical interviews with the individual (and sometimes family/teachers).
- Behaviour checklists and rating scales (standardised questionnaires).
- History review: Symptoms must be present since childhood and occur in more than one setting
- Rule-outs: Clinicians also check that symptoms aren’t better explained by other conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, trauma, sleep disorders).
